Reading+Journal

= Summary =
 * Brownlee Shannon. "Can't Do Without Love." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 294-298.**

I feel as though the article " Cant do without love" explains what science has to do with love in a simple way that almost any person can understand. Love is basically a biochemical and emotional reaction that affect the human body and are essential to our existence and happiness. Brownlee uses very common language in her article and is still able to get her point across to the audience effectively. One thing that I found effect in Brownlee's article is that she uses an example she always uses specific sources to back it up- for example-"Vassopressin seems to inspire males to feel passion and connection to a particular mate; in addition, vassopressin appears to work better in the presence of the stress hormones that are released in dangerous situations. Endophins work like opiates in the brain, causing the state of euphoria, and studies of talapoin monkeys suggest that affection and love release endorphins. Motherhood is where "love" begins, with the secretion of oxytocin (stimulates uterine contraction, which allows breast feeding). The love that a mother has for her child is the hormones interacting with each other and in corresponding organs.

Stage Summaries
Pharagraph1-4. The first pharagraph introduces the topics that will be discussed throughout the paper. Oxytocin is a brain chemical that all animals share, and has a effect on attraction between animals. The importance of love is defined and then linked to biochemistry, which then leads to the thesis.

Pharagraph 5-9. After the first few pharagraphs it has become clear to the reader that there oxytocin is the main topic of the piece. In these pharagraphs Brownlee explains the importance of oxytocin in the bonding between a mother and child. Child birth and breast feeding are specific examples she uses to show to when oxytocin levels are high in the mothers chemistry. The comparison of oxytocin in females to the chemical vasopressin iwhich is found in males. This comparison is shown in a example that uses a specific type of mouse called voles.

Pharagraph 9-10. Vasopressin is a chemical that spikes when someone feels threatened or they are in danger. Males respond to this situation quit differently than females. Male vasopressin levels tend to increase while females on the other hand oxytocin levels decrease.

Pharagraph11-13. Endorphins are introduced to the reader as a type of "morphine" in human brains.Brownlee states that evidence found in a type of monkeys suggests it's affect on bonding is very important in mammals. Further studies on endorphins show that it is infact grief is the is the biochemical opposite to love, and not hate as many have come to believe.

Pharagraph 14-16. The effect of love on the human body can be looked at in a way controled by the vagus nerve. The vagus nerve is what allows our brains to control our internal organs. The vagus nerve controls basic impulses, like hunger, sex drive and fear, other important aspects. It also controls physical signs of emotion, which help us show our emotional side, and help us read other people.

The purpose of Brownlee writing this essay is to describe the importance of the emotion-"love" to humans and scientific reasoning behind it.
 * Purpose of the essay**

oxytocin is a chemical that acts as a neurotransmitter. It is a chemical that is almost crucial to love and motherhood it also allows for breast feeding and what makes a mother love their child.
 * Definition of "oxytocin"**

Love is important to all living animals, especially humans. The lack of love can have catastrophic effects on a person. = =
 * Thesis**:

**Fisher H elen. "Maybe it's.....Biology." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 299-311. **  = Summary =

=
Helen Fisher's "After All, Maybe It's...Biology" describes the way men and women of many different species flirt in similar ways. Women are seduced by the same methods, whether human or monkey, such as offers of food for sexual favors, and men of many species partake in the ritualistic "attention getting" behaviors, such as trying to "one up" their competition, or show off in front of their crush, or generally dance around making asses of themselves as we humans experience quite frequently. The point is, they can't help it: it's a part of male biology, and likewise, women cannot help but be seduced by it. Helen's point is that the predominant rituals of flirting are not coincidental and specific to humans at all: flirting is a carefully calculated mechanism by which living organisms facilitate their evolutionary progression by means of reproduction, even if it starts in a bar. ======

= Stage Summaries = = Pharagraphs 1-2. The introductory pharagphs introduce the reader to the topic: "The human mating game." They also act as a disclaimer for the author. = = Pharagrapgs 3-6. Fisher states how all women use the expressions to flirt. Because of this, German ethologist Irenaus Eibl-Eibesfeldt thinks that it is an innate evolved tactic. She also talks about movements men may make, try and impress a potential mate. = = Pharagraphs 7-8. The importance of eye language in impressing a mate is introduced in these pharagraphs. Direct eye contact triggers a very basic response in humans, approach or retreat. = = Pharagraphs 9-11. Describing a parallel from humans to baboons, we are shown how they also use gazing in courtship. = = Pharagraphs 12-17. After several hundred hours observing interaction between men and women in American singles bars anthropologist David Givens and biologist Timothy Perper, have divided interactions into several stages. = = Pharagraphs 18-19. After potential lovers are comfortable with each other they start to synchronize. = = Pharagraphs 20-21. After a man takes a women on a date it is a common concept throughout the world for him to expect sex. Not only do humans follow this, but holds true in the animal kingdom as well. = = Pharagraphs 25-35. People tend to have an idea of their "perfect mate". This mental picture provides an image of the type of people that a person would be attracted to. The author also talks about the idea of love at first sight. Pharagraphs 36-37. The fact that love fades is also described in this pharagaph. The author says that after while people grow tired of their mates and generally loose intrest = = Pharagrahs 38-56. The idea of monogomy is practiced only in a small part of the world, and the majority of the world practices poligamy which is when the male has more than one woman. = = Pharagraphs 52-54. Sadly divorce has become a part of most cultures around the world. Adultery, infertility and cruelty are the among the top three reasons for divorce. = = Pharagraphs 55-58. In america typically most marriages end before the 4 year period = = Pharagraphs 57-58. Divorce is highly likely in a young couple or a couplw without children, especially if the reason for the divorce is because the couple can't see themselves having kids together. Pharagraphs 59-60. There seems to be a never ending cycle in the human world: fall in love, marry, possibly have a child, divorce and then complete the cycle over again = = = = = = What makes a person attracted to another person? there are chemicals that make up a person...its in their biology. When they see a mate that they are attracted to, they act upon it and theyre are certain gestures and actions that a person lets another person know that they are interested. Purpose of the essay: The purpose of this article is to mix common knoledge with science, and prove that science, chemestry and certain chemicals in human bodies cause people to be attracted to and love one another. = = = = Definition of "Copulatory Gaze"-The gaze is proabably the most striking human courting ploy and eye langage between men and women is one of the most common gestures a person can to to attract or get another persons attention. = = = = Thesis Theory needs to go beyond thinking of rhetoric as craft and begin taking responsibility for producing a principled, conceptually driven understanding of the kind of situation that gives rise to the practical activity of rhetoric. = = = = =

= Cooley Horton. "Primary Groups." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 37-41. = = Summary =  C  harles Cooley's article //Primary Groups// covers the concept of a primary group by describing the term as a primary group that we are part of . Cooley then provides a broad definition of primary group as a group "  ...  characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation"(Cooley 37) to write about the wide variety of primary groups and their numerous applica tions . He refers to them as primary groups, because these associations occur early on in life.  Cooley even provides a child’s play group as one of the most basic forms of a primary group . Later in the article he goes more in depth and provides a historical relevance of primary groups by pointing out that the Feudal System relied on primary groups hundreds of years ago. He then discusses how primary groups influence human nature often more than genetics (nature versus nurture) as they provide the means for growth and maturity. He concludes the article by commenting that individuals create larger primary groups that function collectively, the primary groups function as independent bodies. . He refers to them as primary groups, because these associations occur early on in life. Cooley even provides a child’s play group as one of the most basic forms of a primary group. Later in the article he goes more in depth and provides a historical relevance of primary groups by pointing out that the Feudal System relied on primary groups hundreds of years ago. He then discusses how primary groups influence human nature often more than genetics (nature versus nurture) as they provide the means for growth and maturity. He concludes the article by commenting that individuals create larger primary groups that function collectively, the primary groups function as independent bodies. = Stage Summaries = Pharagraph 1-3. The introductary pharagraphs intoduce the idea of primary groups to the reader. The reader learns what is considered a primary group and that these groups are natural within each group of people.

Pharagraph 4-5. An example of a primary group is given as a childs play group. As children grow up they tend to be influenced more by their peers and people around them, then by their parents.

Pharagraph 6-8. Neighborhood are another example of primary groups, they have been formed by humans for thousands of years. Neighborhoods used to be a main part of everyday but now people are exploring and traveling father and farther away from their primary groups, so this is now changing. Clubs are another primary group, these are usually formed around a common intrest or goal.

Pharagraph 9-10. Primary groups prove to be cruicial to humans, because it gives an individual a sense of social unity.

Pharagraph 11-14 Primary groups are not as strong as they used to be, because of technology and we as humans have the capability to reach so many more people.

Pharagraph 15-18. When people are first born they do not have a actual self, primary groups give a person a sense of identity.


 * Why is asking after an understanding of the rhetorical situation** //**not**// **an idle question?**

The purpose of Cooley writing this article is to provide the importance of primary groups and the effects that they have on the personality of the individual
 * Purpose of the essay**

Definition of primary groups: Primary groups are the intimate face to face groups such as the family, neighborhood and play group that help to define our individuality and create a context in which other qualities or traits may obtain relevance. Primary groups are relatively permanent, and are often the basis of secondary groups. Primary groups tend not to change from culture to cultur e

**Goffman Irving. "The Presentation of Self." //Academic Communities/Disciplinary Conventions// (2001):42-49**

= Summary =  Erving Goffman makes the point that people portray themselves in the way that they want to be viewed at by others. This idea is completely true in our society. There are a number of real life examples that come to mind when thinking about this idea, one being a job interview. When an individual is being interviewed they want to come across as the right person for the job… the person being interviewed wants to seem organized, intelligent and most of all experienced or capable of getting the job done whether true or not. Goffman is completely accurate when he describes this idea of rather self conscious behaviors.  = Stage Summaries = ** Pharagraphs 3-4 Naturally there is a time period in which people tend to losen up around other people and then you are able to tell a person's "true attitude." The expressiveness of a individual actually is composed of two different activities. The attitude that the person gives, and the expression that the individual gives off
 * Pharagraphs 1-2 The topic of the article is introduced as, when a person enters the pressence of others they put on a act or try to display themselves in a way they want to be viewed at. People are able to figure out information about that person based on the way that they act.

Pharagraphs 5-6 It is very common for people to want others to think highly of them. There is also a goal in mind of how a person wants to be percieved as. Reguardless of the motive the person has it is in their intrest to try and control the veiws of others onto themselves

Pharagraphs 7-8 the word "preedy" is improperly concerned with the extensive impressions he feels his sheer bodily action is giving off to those around him, knowing that the individual is likely to present himself in a light that is favorable to him

Pharagraphs 9-10 the individual has the thought that they are being observed by others, so they maintain their behavior in a specific way, wheter they are indeed actually being observed or not

Pharagraphs 11-12 First impressions are very important. The initial first reaction is an extended series of interactions involving the same participants. A few examples that are given of this in the text are a waitress and a job interview. It is also human nature that in the beginning of meeting people, one wants to start off on the "right foot"

Pharagraphs 13-14 we find that preventative practices are constantly employed to aviod these embarrassments and that corrective practicies are constantly employed to compensate for duscrediting occurances that have not been sucessfully avoided

Pharagraphs 15-16 In addition to the fact that precautions are taken to prevent disruption of projected definitions, we may also note trhat an intense intrest in these disruptions comes to [;ay a significant role in the social life of the group. A summary of the article is that when an individual apperas before others he will have many motives for trying to control the impression they receive of the situation

Why is asking after an understanding of the rhetorical situation //**not**// **an idle question?** Bitzer's purpose in writing this essay is to advance a partial theory of the rhetorical situation.
 * Purpose of the essay**

Theory needs to go beyond thinking of rhetoric as craft and begin taking responsibility for producing a principled, conceptually driven understanding of the kind of situation that gives rise to the practical activity of rhetoric.
 * Definition of "Rhetorical Situation"**
 * Thesis**
 * Gergen Kenneth. "The Dissolution of Self." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 50-58.**

= Summary = Kenneth Gergen’s article //The Dissolution of Self// focuses on the individual within a social group. Gergen’s argument in the article is that our view of the individual in terms of identity/individualism is actually a result of the social saturation, interpreted as- people are a product of their environment. The certain groups that we have become acclimated to over time are what shape our own personal identity by different values and characteristics that we might have. Gergen argues that because of this process of socialization, we in fact do not have an actual self but rather a personality that reflects our experiences in society. Technology has been contributing to this phenomenon, also known as multiphrenia by expanding our horizons to different primary groups and spheres of influence, and as technology progresses, we will be further and further away from having an actual self.

= Stage Summaries =

**Pharagraphs 4-6 Due to technology that allows us to travel; such as vehicles and mass transit it is likely for a person to even travel tens of miles simply for coffee and conversations, whereas hundreds of years ago this would have not been possible. Through these technologies we alos have a number of different primary groups in which we belong to as well.
 * Pharagraphs 1-3 Most primary groups hundreds of years ago were able to be traveled in a small walk. It contained family, neighbors, and towns people. Gergen uses examples how travel has expanded the ability people are able to travel, from walking, then horse and carriage, to railroads. Much of the worlds population is now idustrialized and these technologies such as; radio, telivision and phones have made these social rlationships expand at huge rates.

Pharagraphs 7-9 In the community the cast of others remained relatively stable. Moving around to different towns or even states for that matter were very difficult, but now that happens all the time. Not only do we effect people physically close to us, but we can now effect people across the globe. in each case, individuals have a sence of self identity. Populating ones self is a phrase that that Gergen uses to explain how people populate their time throughout the day

Pharagraphs 10-12 The technolgoes of social saturation exposes us to an enormous range of persons, new forms of relationship, uniqu

Pharagraphs 4-6 Due to technology that allows us to travel; such as vehicles and mass transit it is likely for a person to even travel tens of miles simply for coffee and conversations, whereas hundreds of years ago this would have not been possible. Through these technologies we alos have a number of different primary groups in which we belong to as well.

Pharagraphs 7-9 In the community the cast of others remained relatively stable. Moving around to different towns or even states for that matter were very difficult, but now that happens all the time. Not only do we effect people physically close to us, but we can now effect people across the globe. in each case, individuals have a sence of self identity. Populating ones self is a phrase that that Gergen uses to explain how people populate their time throughout the day

Pharagraphs 10-12 The technolgoes of social saturation exposes us to an enormous range of persons, new forms of relationship, unique circumstances and oppertunities. It is also almost impossible for an individual to not be effected by mainstream culture. Through mass communication we have knlowedge of, and can sometimes be affected by people in different countries on the otherside of the world. Pharagraphs 13-15 Multipherenia genalrally reffers ti the slitting if the individual into a multiplicity of self investments, this condition is partly a outcome of self population, but partly a reult of the populated sel'fs efforts to exploit the potentials of the technologies and relationships. With the technology of social saturation two of the major factors traditionally impeding relationships-namely time and space- are both removed.

Pharagraphs 16-18 With technology of social saturatuon, two of the major traditionally impeding relationships are removed. The past can be continuously viewed and the distance poses no substantial barriers to ongoing interchange. There is a penalty of being with. As relationships develope their participants acquire local definaitions. In the professional world this expansion of musts is strikingly evident.

Pharagraphs 19-21 It is not simply the expnasion of self thought through relationshops that "hounds" a person with the contined sense of ought, but the seeping of self doubt into everyday cconciousness a subtle feeling of inadequacy that smothers ones activites with a uneasy sense of emptyness.Social saturation allows us to be connected with people all around the world and have relationships with them as well

Pharagraphs 22-24 The threat of inadequacy is hardly limited to the immediate confrontation with mates and media. because of many of yhese criteria for self evalustion are incorporated into the self, existing within the "social ghosts" they are free to speak at any moment. The third dimension of multiphrenia is closely related to the others.

Pharagraphs 25-27 The realitionships between primary groups depends altogether on the sharing of opinions of each incorporating views of others. Through the array of newly emerging technologies the world of relationships becomes increasingly saturated. As belief in essential selves erodes, awarness expands the ways in which personal identity can be created and recreated

Why is asking after an understanding of the rhetorical situation //**not**// **an idle question?**

Bitzer's purpose in writing this essay is to advance a partial theory of the rhetorical situation.
 * Purpose of the essay**

Theory needs to go beyond thinking of rhetoric as craft and begin taking responsibility for producing a principled, conceptually driven understanding of the kind of situation that gives rise to the practical activity of rhetoric.
 * Definition of "Rhetorical Situation"**e
 * Thesis**

**Hopkins Gerard, Manley. "The Windhover: To Christ Our Lord." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 573-574**

To Christ our Lord I caught this morning morning's minion, king- dom of daylight's dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon, in his riding Of the rolling level underneath him steady air, and striding High there, how he rung upon the rein of a wimpling wing In his ecstasy! then off, off forth on swing, As a skate's heel sweeps smooth on a bow-bend: the hurl and gliding Rebuffed the big wind. My heart in hiding Stirred for a bird,--the achieve of, the mastery of the thing! Brute beauty and valour and act, oh, air, pride, plume, here Buckle! AND the fire that breaks from thee then, a billion Times told lovelier, more dangerous, O my chevalier! No wonder of it: sheer plod makes plough down sillion Shine, and blue-bleak embers, ah my dear, Fall, gall themselves, and gash gold-vermillion
 * Text:**


 * Summary:** The wording and writting style that Hopkin's uses is a little bit hard to understand, because it is written in old english. The poem us about a person basically seeing a prince ride by them on a horse early in the morning, and from the wording (Line 9)" Brute beauty and act, oh air,pride,plume,here..." From the words that Hopkin's uses when describing the prince you can tell that he was impressed by the sight of him and that her was very rich looking and stood out among the average people.

= =


 * Why is "Dauphin" so important?** It is important, because the prince is the main point of the poem


 * Purpose of the poem** The puurpose of this poem is to tell the reader the importance that royalty had on the common person during that time period.

It is a prince who is heir to the french throne
 * Definition of "Dauphin"**


 * Thesis**: A person is out for a morning walk and comes across a prince

(LINE1)" I caught this morning morning's minion, king-dom of daylight's dauphin, dapple-dawn-drawn Falcon.." (LINE 11) "Times told lovelier, more dangerous, o mychevalier." (LINE 14) " Fall, gall themselves, and gash gold-vermilion"
 * Raw Notes:**


 * Whitman Walt. "Song At Sunset." //Academic Communities/Disiplanary Conventions// (2001): 574-574

Text:** Splendor of ended day floating and filling me, Hour prophetic, hour resuming the past, Inflating my throat, you divine average, You earth and life till the last ray gleams I sing.

Open mouth of my soul uttering gladness, Eyes of my soul seeing perfection, Natural life of me faithfully praising things, Corroborating forever the triumph of things.

Illustrious every one! Illustrious what we name space, sphere of unnumber'd spirits, Illustrious the mystery of motion in all beings, even the tiniest insect, Illustrious the attribute of speech, the senses, the body, Illustrious the passing light--illustrious the pale reflection on the new moon in the western sky, Illustrious whatever I see or hear or touch, to the last.

Good in all, In the satisfaction and aplomb of animals, In the annual return of the seasons, In the hilarity of youth, In the strength and flush of manhood, In the grandeur and exquisiteness of old age, In the superb vistas of death.

Wonderful to depart! Wonderful to be here! The heart, to jet the all-alike and innocent blood! To breathe the air, how delicious! To speak--to walk--to seize something by the hand! To prepare for sleep, for bed, to look on my rose-color'd flesh! To be conscious of my body, so satisfied, so large! To be this incredible God I am! To have gone forth among other Gods, these men and women I love. Wonderful how I celebrate you and myself How my thoughts play subtly at the spectacles around! How the clouds pass silently overhead! How the earth darts on and on! and how the sun, moon, stars, dart on and on! How the water sports and sings! (surely it is alive!) How the trees rise and stand up, with strong trunks, with branches and leaves! (Surely there is something more in each of the trees, some living soul.)

O amazement of things--even the least particle! O spirituality of things! O strain musical flowing through ages and continents, now reaching me and America! I take your strong chords, intersperse them, and cheerfully pass them forward.

I too carol the sun, usher'd or at noon, or as now, setting, I too throb to the brain and beauty of the earth and of all the growths of the earth, I too have felt the resistless call of myself.

As I steam'd down the Mississippi, As I wander'd over the prairies, As I have lived, as I have look'd through my windows my eyes, As I went forth in the morning, as I beheld the light breaking in the east, As I bathed on the beach of the Eastern Sea, and again on the beach of the Western Sea, As I roam'd the streets of inland Chicago, whatever streets I have roam'd, Or cities or silent woods, or even amid the sights of war, Wherever I have been I have charged myself with contentment and triumph.

I sing to the last the equalities modern or old, I sing the endless finales of things, I say Nature continues, glory continues, I praise with electric voice, For I do not see one imperfection in the universe, And I do not see one cause or result lamentable at last in the universe.

O setting sun! though the time has come, I still warble under you, if none else does, unmitigated adoration.

senses, body, light, moon, animals, seasons, youth,manhood, old age, death, leaving, coming, heart, innocent blood, air, speaking, walking, to grab something by the hand, sleep, bed, rose colored flesh, his body, God, men and women, you and myself, spectacles, clouds, earth, sun, moon, stars, water, trees, music, Mississippi river, praries, everywhere he's lived, the morning, light, beaches, the Eastern Sea, Chicago, cities, woods, war, contemnetment and triumph, Nature, everything in the Universe....
 * Summary:** In this poem Witman describes everything that he appreciates and celebrates in the world; everyone, space,spirits, the tinest insect, all beings, speech,

= Stage Summaries =
 * Why is "Western Sea" so important?** It is imporntant in the poem because it signifies even places on the earth that he hasnt yet been too he still appreciates them, and that he has respect and admiration for everything on in the world.


 * Purpose of the poem:** Witman wrote this peom to show all that he is greatful for in his life

While it is not an actual term in the human language, the term "western sea" has a meaning in the poem as a common term for the far off and unobtainable
 * Definition of "Western Sea"**


 * Thesis** : A tribute to everything around him, what he sees, what he loves, what he hates...eveything!

(LINE 1)"** Splendor of ended day floating and filling me"
 * Raw Notes:
 * (LINE13)"** Illustrious the passing light-illustrious the pale reflection on the new moon of the western sky"
 * (LINE 14)"** Illustrious whatever I see or hear or touch, to the last"
 * (LINE 20)"** In the grandeur and exquisitenses of old age"
 * (LINE 30)"** To have gone forth among others bonds, these men and women I love"
 * (LINE 49)"** As I bathed on the beach of the Eastern Sea and again on the beach of the Western Sea"
 * (LINES 50-51)"** As I roam'd the streets of inland Chicago whatever streets I have roam'd, or cities or silent woods, or even amid the sights of war"